Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine. A substance is oxidized when it undergoes the process of oxidation. I.e the addition of oxygen or any electronegative elements or the removal of hydrogen or any electropositive element.

Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. A dipeptide is a molecule that consists of two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond. 

Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals.

→ Plasma homocystine is higher in those with cystathionine-beta-synthase deficiency.

→ Plasma homocystine, as well as taurine, were significantly lower in insufficient methotrexate therapy responders.

→ Homocystine is an oxidized disulfide form of homocysteine, which gets readily converted to cystathionine.

Homocystine is a common amino acid in your blood. You get it mostly from eating meat. High levels of it are linked to early development of heart disease.

Homocystine is a common amino acid in your blood. You get it mostly from eating meat. High levels of it are linked to early development of heart disease.

The Homogeneous pattern observed in an Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) test is a specific type of result that indicates the presence of antibodies in the blood that are reacting against components in the cell nucleus. This pattern is termed 'homogeneous' because the antibodies produce a uniform, diffuse staining of the entire nucleus in a cell. The ANA test is commonly used in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune diseases, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells. A homogeneous pattern is often associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex autoimmune disorder, but it can also be seen in other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and mixed connective tissue disease. However, it's important to note that ANA patterns, including the homogeneous pattern, are not exclusive to any single disease. The presence of this pattern requires careful interpretation by a healthcare professional in the context of the patient's symptoms, clinical history, and other laboratory findings. Additionally, a small percentage of healthy individuals can have a positive ANA test, including a homogeneous pattern, without any underlying autoimmune disease. Therefore, while the homogeneous pattern provides valuable diagnostic clues, it is part of a larger puzzle in understanding and managing autoimmune disorders.

Homogentisic acid is a breakdown product of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic Acid (4-HPPA). 

Elevated in the genetic disease homogentisic aciduria (alkaptonuria).

Homogentisic acid is a breakdown product of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic Acid (4-HPPA). 

Elevated in the genetic disease homogentisic aciduria (alkaptonuria).

Homogentisic acid is a breakdown product of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic Acid (4-HPPA).

Homogentisic acid is a breakdown product of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic Acid (4-HPPA). 

Elevated in the genetic disease homogentisic aciduria (alkaptonuria).

Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.

Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.

Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.

Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.

Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.

Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.

Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.

Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.

Homovanillate (HVA) is the primary metabolite of dopamine, a brain and adrenal neurotransmitter that comes from tyrosine (with BH4 and iron as co-factors). Dopamine goes on to create norepinephrine and epinephrine (= adrenaline).

Low levels of dopamine are associated with depression, addictions, cravings, apathy, pleasure seeking behaviors, increased sleepiness, impulsivity, tremors, low motivation fatigue and low mood.

High levels of dopamine are associated with agitation, insomnia, mania, hyperactivity, hyper-focus, high stress, anxiety and addictions/ cravings/ pleasure seeking (to maintain high levels).

High Homovanillate (HVA) can be caused by the use of the following supplements, foods or medications within 72 hours of collecting urine samples: tyrosine, phenylalanine, mucuna, quercetin, bananas, avocados as well as parkinson's medications.

If these are being used, the HVA on the DUTCH test may not accurately reflect circulating dopamine levels and should be disregarded.

Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.

Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.