Proline is a nonessential amino acid. It contains a secondary α-imino group and is sometimes called an α-imino acid. Proline, and its metabolite hydroxyproline, constitute a third of the total amino acids found in collagen. Lysine, proline, hydroxyproline, and vitamin C are all important in the synthesis of collagen for skin, bones, tendons, and cartilage. Proline is abundant in meat, bone meal, poultry, salmon, wheat, barley, and corn. In addition to dietary sources, proline can be synthesized from glutamate/glutamine, arginine, and ornithine. It can also be synthesized within enterocytes from degradation of small peptides.

Proline is a nonessential amino acid. It contains a secondary α-imino group and is sometimes called an α-imino acid. Proline, and its metabolite hydroxyproline, constitute a third of the total amino acids found in collagen. Lysine, proline, hydroxyproline, and vitamin C are all important in the synthesis of collagen for skin, bones, tendons, and cartilage. Proline is abundant in meat, bone meal, poultry, salmon, wheat, barley, and corn. In addition to dietary sources, proline can be synthesized from glutamate/glutamine, arginine, and ornithine. It can also be synthesized within enterocytes from degradation of small peptides.

Proline is a nonessential amino acid, which means that it is manufactured from other amino acids in the liver; it does not have to be obtained directly through the diet.

Proline is the precursor to hydroxyproline, which is a major amino acid found in the connective tissue of the body – collagen.

Proline is a nonessential amino acid, which means that it is manufactured from other amino acids in the liver; it does not have to be obtained directly through the diet.

Proline is the precursor to hydroxyproline, which is a major amino acid found in the connective tissue of the body – collagen.

Procollagen I intact N-terminal propeptide (PINP) values should not be used as a screening test for osteoporosis in the general population. PINP is used to monitor bone formation and antiresorptive therapies. PINP should be measured prior to the start of therapy to determine a baseline value and again at 3 to 6 months after initiation of therapy. Therapeutic response is evaluated by comparing pre and post-treatment values.

Propionate is among the most common short-chain fatty acids produced in the human gut in response to indigestible carbohydrates (fiber) in the diet.

Propionate is among the most common short-chain fatty acids produced in the human gut in response to indigestible carbohydrates (fiber) in the diet.

Propionate is among the most common short-chain fatty acids produced in the human gut in response to indigestible carbohydrates (fiber) in the diet.

Propionate is among the most common short-chain fatty acids produced in the human gut in response to indigestible carbohydrates (fiber) in the diet.

Propionate is among the most common short-chain fatty acids produced in the human gut in response to indigestible carbohydrates (fiber) in the diet.

Propionate is a SCFA that can be produced by gut bacteria through the fermentation of key fibers or the metabolism of lactate. Propionate supports a healthy immune system by encouraging regulatory T cell differentiation in gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), and it also promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver, supports insulin sensitivity, and improves gut hormone production. Propionate and butyrate both work together to support healthy inflammatory responses by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) in macrophages and dendritic cells.

Propionibacterium is a genus capable of producing SCFAs, predominantly acetate and propionic acid.

The genus Propionibacterium consists of two principal groups, cutaneous and classical or dairy. Cutaneous species are predominant members of the microbial population of human skin and have also been isolated from the feces of humans and other vertebrate animals. They are often considered opportunistic organisms and have been occasionally associated with infections in humans.

Propionibacterium freudenreichii, identified in a gut microbiome test, is a significant bacterium that offers intriguing insights into the health and balance of the gut ecosystem. This species is part of the Propionibacterium genus, known for its unique metabolic properties, particularly in the production of propionic acid – a beneficial short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) with several important roles in gut health. SCFAs, like propionic acid, are crucial for maintaining the health of the colon, regulating the immune system, and ensuring the integrity of the gut barrier.

Propionylglycine is a N-acylglycine obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of propionic acid with the amino group of glycine. It has a role as a human urinary metabolite. It is functionally related to a propionic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a propionylglycinate. 

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a bioactive lipid compound that plays a significant role in various physiological and pathological processes within the human body. It belongs to the family of prostaglandins, which are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. PGD2 itself is produced primarily by mast cells, which are cells involved in the immune response, and it is derived from arachidonic acid through the action of the enzyme prostaglandin D synthase. This compound has several important roles, including the mediation of allergic responses and inflammation. In the context of allergies, PGD2 can cause symptoms such as bronchoconstriction and vasodilation. It's also involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles and acts as a neuromodulator in the brain.

Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response.