Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibody is an autoantibody that is associated with inappropriate blood clotting. This test detects and measures one class (IgA) of beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies.

The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is a clinical-pathologic correlation that includes a clinical event (e.g. thrombosis, pregnancy loss, thrombocytopenia) and persistent positive antiphospholipid antibodies (IgM or IgG ACA >40 MPL/GPL,IgM or IgG anti-b2GPI antibodies or a lupus anticoagulant).

The assay contributes to the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The clinical symptoms of APS alone are not sufficiently specific to make a definitive diagnosis. Laboratory tests thus play an important role in the diagnosis of the disease. In patients with APS, autoantibodies are formed that bind to phospholipids like cardiolipin or to phospholipid-binding proteins like beta-2-glycoprotein.

Detection of these autoantibodies is an integral part of the classification criteria issued by the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis.

Beta-2-glycoprotein I is a 50 KD protein cofactor required by anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) to bind to cardiolipin and other phospholipid molecules.

Babesia is a tick-borne intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, which can result in subclinical or mild illness in most cases, but occasionally, in immunocompromised individuals, the reaction can be severe.

The Babesia duncani WA1 IgG assay is used to detect antibodies due to infection of the tick-borne protozoa Babesia duncani in cases of diagnostic uncertainty or suspected chronic infection. The assay is performed by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) method. Titer values above the reference intervals are considered evidence of current infection or past infection (e.g. within the last year).

What is Babesia microti p32 – IgM?

Babesia microti is a microscopic parasite that infects red blood cells and causes babesiosis, a malaria-like illness transmitted primarily by Ixodes scapularis ticks (also known as black-legged or deer ticks). This is the same tick species that spreads Lyme disease and anaplasmosis.

The p32 – IgM test detects early immune response to a specific protein (p32) found on Babesia microti. IgM antibodies are typically the first antibodies your immune system produces after exposure to an infection, usually appearing within the first 1 to 2 weeks. Therefore, a positive or elevated result suggests a recent or active Babesia infection.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgM result for Babesia microti p32 indicates a moderate level of early antibodies, which may reflect:

• An early infection in which the immune response is still developing

• A resolving infection, with IgM levels beginning to decline

• A nonspecific or borderline immune signal that may require further confirmation

Medium results are not conclusive on their own and should be interpreted alongside symptoms, exposure history, and other lab markers such as IgG antibodies or PCR testing (to detect Babesia DNA).

What is Babesia microti p41 – IgM?

Babesia microti is a microscopic parasite that infects red blood cells and causes babesiosis, a tick-borne illness often compared to malaria due to its similar symptoms. It is primarily transmitted by the Ixodes scapularis tick (also known as the deer tick), which also carries Lyme disease and other co-infections.

The p41 – IgM test detects early immune activity against a specific protein (p41) expressed by Babesia microti. IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system following infection. The presence of IgM typically indicates a recent or active infection, particularly during the early stages when symptoms first appear.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgM result for Babesia microti p41 reflects a moderate level of early antibodies, which may indicate:

• An early or developing immune response

• A resolving infection, where IgM is declining as IgG antibodies begin to rise

• A borderline or nonspecific result, which may need confirmation with additional tests

Medium results are not definitive on their own and should be interpreted alongside your symptoms, exposure history (e.g., recent tick bites), and other test results, such as Babesia microti IgG or PCR testing to detect the parasite’s DNA.

Babesia microti, the primary agent of human babesiosis in the United States.

The B. microti life cycle involves two hosts, which includes a rodent, primarily the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, and a tick in the genus, Ixodes, the same tick species that vectors Lyme disease. Cases of babesiosis caused by B. microti occur in southern New England and the northern Midwest. Early clinical manifestations are intermittent fevers accompanied by fatigue and malaise, headache, chills, and myalgias. Nausea, vomiting, reduced appetite, and depression can also occur. Coinfection with Lyme disease or anaplasmosis may complicate the clinical presentation and predispose the patient to more severe disease.

Babesiosis is an infection caused by the parasite Babesia microti. The infection is acquired by contact with Ixodes ticks carrying the parasite. 

Babesiosis is an infection caused by the parasite Babesia microti. The infection is acquired by contact with Ixodes ticks carrying the parasite. 

The phylum Firmicutes constitutes the most diverse and abundant group of gastrointestinal microbiota which are grouped into four classes, Bacilli, Clostridia, Erysipelotrichi, and Negativicutes. They make up approximately 39% of the gut microbiota, on average, in healthy adults, but can comprise as much as 80% of the community.

Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) is a type of probiotic ("good" bacteria). It isn't naturally found in the body, but it produces lactic acid in the gut.

Because B. coagulans produces lactic acid, it's often misclassified as lactobacillus. Unlike lactobacillus, B. coagulans forms spores. Spores are important for telling B. coagulans apart from other lactic acid bacteria.

People take B. coagulans for constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It is also used for diarrhea, gas, indigestion, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.

Imbalanced bacteria are usually neither pathogenic nor beneficial to the host GI tract. Imbalances can occur when there are insufficient levels of beneficial bacteria and increased levels of commensal bacteria. Certain commensal bacteria are reported as dysbiotic at higher levels.