The Anti-Smith Antibody targets your body’s own proteins and is found almost exclusively in people with lupus. Though not all people with lupus have this antibody (only around 30%), those who do usually receive a diagnosis of lupus. Anti-Smith antibody is more common in blacks and Asians with SLE (around 60%) than in whites with SLE.

Smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) are the standard diagnostic marker of autoimmune hepatitis (AH).

Anti-SRP Ab (Signal Recognition Particle Antibody), as measured by reference laboratories such as RDL (Reference Diagnostics Laboratory), is a highly specific serological marker crucial in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune myopathies, particularly Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein involved in the translocation of secretory and membrane proteins. In autoimmune contexts, the immune system aberrantly produces antibodies against SRP, leading to muscle inflammation and damage.

Anti-Ro (SS-A) is an autoantibody associated with SLE or Sjögren’s syndrome. Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly reacts to the tissue in glands that produce moisture, such as tear and salivary glands.

Anti-SS-B (anti-La) is an autoantibody associated with SLE or Sjögren’s syndrome. Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly reacts to the tissue in glands that produce moisture, such as tear and salivary glands.

The marker "Anti-Streptococcal A (IgG)" is a specialized test designed to detect the presence of IgG antibodies against Streptococcus A bacteria in the blood. Streptococcus A is a type of bacteria that can cause various infections, ranging from mild throat infections (like strep throat) to m

If Anti-Streptococcal A (IgG) is mildly elevated, it suggests that there may have been a recent or past streptococcal infection. Anti-Streptococcal A antibodies are typically produced in response to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection, such as strep throat, scarlet fever, or skin infections.

Possible Implications of Mild Elevation:

1. Recent or Past Infection:
   A mildly elevated Anti-Streptococcal A (IgG) can indicate that the body has encountered Group A Streptococcus in the past, but it might not necessarily reflect an active infection. IgG antibodies appear after the acute phase of infection and can remain elevated for weeks to months following recovery.

2. Post-Infection Immunity:
   A mild increase in Anti-Streptococcal A IgG may simply represent a normal immune response as the body has developed immunity to Group A Streptococcus after a previous infection. This suggests that your immune system has successfully responded to the bacteria, and you may have protection against future infections by the same pathogen.

3. Risk for Post-Streptococcal Sequelae:
   While IgG antibodies typically indicate past exposure, elevated levels may also be seen in cases of post-streptococcal sequelae such as rheumatic fever or post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. These are conditions that can develop weeks after an untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal infection. In such cases, the elevation is usually accompanied by other clinical symptoms (such as joint pain, heart inflammation, or kidney issues) and may require further diagnostic investigation.

4. Chronic or Recurrent Infections:
   In rare cases, mildly elevated IgG levels can occur if there have been chronic or recurrent infections with Group A Streptococcus, possibly due to incomplete treatment or recurrent throat infections. This may necessitate additional investigation or a more thorough assessment of infection history and treatment.

Interpretation and Next Steps:

• Clinical Correlation: A mildly elevated Anti-Streptococcal A IgG should always be interpreted in the context of clinical symptoms and history. If you have recently had a strep infection or symptoms like sore throat, fever, or skin infections, it may be a sign that your immune system is responding appropriately.

• Follow-Up Tests: If there are concerns about post-streptococcal sequelae (such as rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis), further tests may be needed, such as:

  • Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) titers: A more direct marker of recent streptococcal infection.

  • Echocardiogram or urine tests: To rule out any complications like heart damage or kidney involvement.

• Reassessment: If no recent strep infection is evident and symptoms persist, it may be necessary to revisit the diagnosis and consider other causes for the antibody elevation.

Conclusion:

A mildly elevated Anti-Streptococcal A IgG level is often not cause for immediate concern and may reflect prior exposure or past infection with Group A Streptococcus. However, if there are concerns about recent symptoms, unresolved infections, or complications like rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis, further clinical evaluation and testing are warranted to ensure appropriate management.

This test can help determine whether you have had a recent strep infection with the bacteria group A Streptococcus; to help diagnose complications resulting from a strep infection such as rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis, a form of kidney disease. This test measures the amount of ASO in the blood.

Thyroglobulin antibodies are antibodies that recognize and bind to thyroglobulin, interfering with its function. Thyroglobulin is critical for thyroid hormone production, so thyroglobulin antibodies usually indicate thyroid disease.

The marker "Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody" is serving as an essential tool in assessing autoimmune thyroid disorders, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease.

Thyroglobulin itself is a protein produced by the thyroid gland, playing a pivotal role in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. However, in certain autoimmune conditions, the body's immune system mistakenly identifies thyroglobulin as a foreign substance, leading to the production of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. The presence and concentration of these antibodies can be indicative of an underlying autoimmune thyroid condition.

What if results are borderline elevated?

When Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody levels are borderline elevated, it suggests a potential, mild autoimmune reaction against the thyroid gland, but interpretation depends on the overall clinical picture. Healthcare providers typically recommend a combination of symptom evaluation, further thyroid function tests, and periodic monitoring of antibody levels to detect any changes over time. The presence of risk factors such as a family history of autoimmune diseases and the patient's symptoms are also considered in assessing the likelihood of developing a thyroid disorder. In some cases, lifestyle modifications or early medical interventions may be advised to manage symptoms and support thyroid health, highlighting the importance of a proactive and informed approach to borderline results.

Associated Disease: Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis & Graves’ Disease

Sensitivity: 60-85%

Interpretation: Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies are found in 60-85% of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 30-80% of patients with Graves’ disease.

Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase IgA (tTG IgA) is the primary and most reliable test for detecting celiac disease, measuring IgA antibodies produced in response to gluten. Elevated levels strongly suggest celiac disease, as they indicate immune-driven damage to the intestinal lining. However, in individuals with IgA deficiency, results may appear normal, requiring alternative tests like tTG IgG. If tTG IgA is elevated, further evaluation, such as an intestinal biopsy, is often recommended to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment with a gluten-free diet.