Glutenin is a major protein found in wheat and constitutes about 47% of its protein content. Glutenin is responsible for the strength and elasticity of dough. The main types of glutenin are the LMW (low molecular weight) and the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin.

HMW glutenin has been associated with Celiac disease, asthma and Atopic dermatitis.

LMW Glutenin has been associated with Celiac disease, asthma, Atopic dermatitis, Urticaria and Anaphylaxis.

Locust bean gum, also known as carob bean gum, comes from the carob seeds of the carob tree, grown in the Mediterranean. It is a hydrocolloid used in food as a thickener, stabilizer and emulsifier.

Locust bean gum is used as a stabilizer, thickener, and fat replacer in foods, and also as an adjunct gelling agent and texturizer to other hydrocolloids such as carrageenan.

Long chain fatty acids are a fecal fat. Fecal fats also include triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids. They are derived predominately from the dietary ingestion of fat, and provide important clues about digestion and absorption.

Long chain fatty acids are a fecal fat. Fecal fats also include triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids. They are derived predominately from the dietary ingestion of fat, and provide important clues about digestion and absorption.

LDL-3 is one of the subfractions of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) — often referred to as “bad cholesterol.” LDL particles transport cholesterol through your bloodstream, but not all LDL particles are the same.

LDL is made up of different particle sizes and densities, classified from LDL-1 (large, buoyant) to LDL-7 (small, dense).

• Larger LDL particles (LDL-1, LDL-2) are considered less harmful.

• Smaller, denser LDL particles (LDL-3 and beyond) are more atherogenic, meaning they are more likely to promote plaque buildup in arteries.

Elevated LDL-3 levels suggest a shift toward smaller, denser LDL particles, which are more easily oxidized and can penetrate the artery wall — a key early step in atherosclerosis.

LDL-4 is one of the small, dense subfractions of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) — the lipoprotein commonly referred to as “bad cholesterol.”

LDL particles vary in size and density, ranging from LDL-1 (large and buoyant) to LDL-7 (very small and dense).

• Larger LDL particles (LDL-1, LDL-2) are considered less harmful.

• Smaller, denser LDL particles (LDL-3, LDL-4, and beyond) are more atherogenic, meaning they have a greater tendency to promote plaque buildup in the arteries.

When LDL-4 is elevated, it indicates a shift toward a more atherogenic (plaque-forming) lipid profile, even if total LDL cholesterol appears normal.

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), also known as platelet activating factor Acetylhydrolase, is an inflammatory enzyme that circulates bound mainly to low density lipoproteins and has been found to be localized and enriched in atherosclerotic plaques.

The LP-IR Score, or Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Score, is a clinically significant biomarker used to assess insulin resistance, a key factor in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This score is derived from the detailed analysis of lipoprotein particle size and concentration in the blood, using advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Lipoproteins, which are complexes of lipids and proteins, play crucial roles in the transportation of cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream.

The LP-IR Score is calculated based on the levels of specific lipoprotein subclasses, including very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, along with their respective sizes. These lipoprotein metrics are integral in understanding the pathophysiology of insulin resistance.

For instance, an increased number of small, dense LDL particles and large VLDL particles are often indicative of insulin resistance.

Lupus anticoagulants are antibodies against substances in the lining of cells. These substances prevent blood clotting in a test tube.

Luteinizing Hormone, Human (hLH), plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system and is a key marker on a female hormone panel. This hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, is involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and ovulation. In the first half of the menstrual cycle, hLH levels gradually increase, leading to a significant surge just before ovulation. This surge is critical as it triggers the release of an egg from the ovary, making it a pivotal moment for fertility. After ovulation, if the egg is not fertilized, hLH levels decrease, and the menstrual cycle continues.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a key reproductive hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, LH triggers ovulation and supports progesterone production during the menstrual cycle. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, which is essential for sperm production, libido, and overall reproductive health.