Vitamin B9 (folate or tetrahydrafolate), is essential for healthy blood cells. Gut-derived folate is directly absorbed into the colon, contributing up to 37% of the daily recommended intake. If vitamin B9 producers are low, there could be low levels of this nutrient available to the body.

Vitamin K2 is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for calcium metabolism and critical for the health of teeth, bones, nerves, and the cardiovascular system. Most K2 comes from dietary sources, however, gut bacteria including Escherichia coli, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacteroides fragilis can also produce K2 endogenously. However, microbially derived K2 has protective role against oxidative tissue damage in the gut.

Vitamin A is one of the fat-soluble vitamins required for health. It’s especially important for vision, skin and mucous membranes found surrounding all organs. Vitamin A provides free radical-fighting functions for immunity and for anti-aging.

Vitamin A is a family of fat soluble compounds (carotinoids) that play an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction and cell differentiation. It also helps regulate the immune system, promoting optimal lymphocyte function in defending against bacterial and viral infections. Retinol (Vitamin A) promotes healthy surface linings of the eyes and respiratory, urinary and instestinal tracts. Vitamin A also promotes healthy skin function and integrity. Retinol is the most active form of Vitmain A and is synthesized in the body by conversion of provitamin A, primarily beta-carotene, into retinol. Lycopene, lutein and zeaxathin are carotiniods that do not have Vitamin A activity, but have other helath promoting properties. Studies are inconclusive in identifying vitamin A’s rols as an antioxidant.

Required by the eye for vision and to protect the rest of your body from damaging effects of infection and stress.

Vitamin A is an antioxidant in the membranes of your cells where it serves a protective function. Every day you lose some vitamin A, because it is used in the replacement of old tissues.

Vitamin A is an antioxidant in the membranes of your cells where it serves a protective function. Every day you lose some vitamin A, because it is used in the replacement of old tissues.

Vitamin A is a group of fat-soluble vitamins which includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.

Vitamin A has multiple functions including: growth and development in infants, children and adolescents, maintenance of the immune system, and healthy vision.

Vitamin A is needed by the retina of the eye for both low-light and color vision.

Vitamin A also functions as retinoic acid, an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial and other cells.

Other important roles that vitamin A plays in the body include: gene transcription, haematopoiesis, and antioxidant activity.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) is used by cells to help make energy from foodstuffs. Thiamin pyrophosphate is a cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes with key roles in cellular energy production.

Dietary sources richest in B1 (per serving) include:

- Nutritional supplements

- Rice Bran

- Nutritional Yeasts

- Wheat Germ

- Legumes (beans, peas, soybeans, lentils)

Vitamin B1, also called thiamine, is important for nervous system and muscle function. Thiamine acts as a coenzyme for carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. It also is essential for the production of hydrochloric acid. 

Vitamin B1, also known as Thiamine, plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal blood health. As a water-soluble vitamin, it is essential for the proper functioning of the circulatory system and is particularly vital in the metabolism of glucose, which is the primary energy source for the body and especially important for the brain and nervous system. Thiamine helps in the production of red blood cells and in the maintenance of healthy endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels, thus ensuring efficient nutrient and oxygen transport throughout the body.

Vitamin B12 is needed to form blood and immune cells, and support a healthy nervous system. A series of closely-related compounds known collectively as cobalamins or vitamin B12 are converted into active forms methylcobalamin or 5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. Methylcobalamin interacts with folate metabolism, preventing folate derivatives from being trapped in unusable states. Adenosylcobalamin is involved in the metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids and branchedchain amino acids.

Vitamin B12 is essential in many basic bodily functions. High levels are not usually cause for concern, but low levels may indicate a medical deficiency or disease. In America, food such as cereal and grains are enriched with many essential vitamins, including vitamin B12. For this reason, dietary deficiency is rare.

Active Vitamin B12, also called holo-transcobalamin, measures the fraction of vitamin B12 that is actually available for your cells to use. Unlike total B12, which includes both active and inactive forms, this marker reflects the “ready-to-use” B12 that supports red blood cell production, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. Low active B12 can reveal early or functional deficiency even when total B12 levels are still in the normal range, making it a valuable test for people with fatigue, neurological symptoms, or suspected absorption issues.

- Vitamin B12 is an important coenzyme when in its active form of methylcobalamin.

- B12 facilitates the metabolism of folic acid through its primary role as a methyl donor.

- B12 requires intrinsic factor for absorption, which is calcium dependent.

- The role of vitamin B12 in the production of some neurotransmitters may also be evidenced by mood imbalance in susceptible individuals.

Vitamin B2, also known as Riboflavin, is a vital nutrient that plays an essential role in maintaining overall health, particularly in energy metabolism and cellular function. As a key component of the B-vitamin family, Riboflavin is crucial for breaking down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, facilitating the conversion of nutrients into usable energy for the body. Its impact on energy production makes it especially important for maintaining a healthy metabolic rate. Additionally, Vitamin B2 is instrumental in maintaining the health of the skin, eyes, blood cells, and mucous membranes, promoting good vision and skin health. It also aids in the absorption of other nutrients, particularly iron, and is essential for growth and development. Found in a variety of foods including milk, eggs, lean meats, green vegetables, and enriched grains and cereals, Riboflavin is readily available through a balanced diet.

Riboflavin helps to metabolize foodstuffs into energy. Riboflavin is converted into its active forms, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). FAD and FMN are primarily involved as cofactors in oxidation-reduction reactions for flavoproteins, essential for cellular energy production and respiration. Riboflavin has a role in antioxidant status by activating glutathione reductase, which regenerates reduced glutathione.