Food sources:
Herring, salmon, sardines, mackerel, trout
Physiological Function:
→ Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that participates in the health of cellular membranes, mediates lipid actions, and reduces inflammatory responses in the body.
→ EPA and DHA influence the types of inflammatory response mediators made in favor of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. EPA and DHA are also noted for moderate to strong anti-depressant effects.
→ Specific to EPA, it has been shown to suppress signaling of TNF-α in adipocytes.
→ EPA also increases cerebral oxygenation.
→ EPA appears to have some beneficial influence on regulating levels of leptin and increasing adiponectin.
→ EPA may enhance adaptive immunity by stimulating B cell responsiveness.
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What does it mean if your EPA (RBC) result is too low?
How it gets depleted:
Lower dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids is the primary reason for deficiency of EPA, or low levels of EPA. Certain genetic polymorphisms such as reduced activity of the FADS1 and FADS2 genes may lead to reduced conversion of ALA into EPA and DHA.
Clinical Manifestations of Depletion:
EPA can be manufactured in the body from ALA, as well as retroconverted from DHA. However, relying solely on intake of ALA to provide adequate levels of EPA is not recommended due to poor or inefficient conversion from ALA to EPA.
Lower levels of EPA or deficient intake of EPA have been linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease, arrhythmia, blood clots, heart attacks, stroke, elevated triglyceride levels, increased growth of atherosclerotic plaque, reduced vascular endothelial function, skin cancer, and increased inflammation.
Lower levels of EPA are also associated with lower brain mass in older adults.
Food Sources:
Good sources of EPA include: fatty fish such as Pacific herring, salmon, oysters, tuna, and omega-3 enriched eggs.
Food sources of ALA, the essential fatty acid EPA precursor include: flaxseeds and flaxseed oil, chia seeds, walnuts, and canola oil.
Supplement Options:
Currently, no official dietary intake recommendations have been established.
Several official health organizations have proposed a minimum dietary intake level of 500 mg/day of EPA+DHA. Because the efficiency of conversion of ALA to EPA is so low, supplementing EPA is generally recommended to meet therapeutic doses.
High dose supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids (including EPA) has been shown to reduce the need for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Persons suffering from ulcerative colitis have been shown to need fewer corticosteroids when supplementing with high dose omega-3 fatty acids.
Adverse side effects observed with high dose omega-3 fatty acids from supplement form include gastrointestinal upset and loose stools.
Omega-3 supplements including EPA and DHA should be used with caution in persons with clotting disorders or on anti-clotting medication.
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