Tissue Transglutaminase
Optimal Result:
0 - 10 Units.
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a naturally occurring enzyme found throughout the body, with particularly important roles in the small intestine. It supports tissue repair, cell adhesion, and maintenance of the intestinal lining. In certain individuals, the immune system mistakenly targets this enzyme, producing anti–tissue transglutaminase antibodies.
This immune response is most strongly associated with celiac disease, where gluten exposure triggers an autoimmune reaction that damages the intestinal lining. When gluten peptides cross the gut barrier, tTG modifies them in a way that can make them more immunogenic. In genetically susceptible individuals, this leads to antibody production against tTG itself.
Elevated tTG antibodies indicate loss of immune tolerance to gluten and are closely linked to:
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Intestinal inflammation
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Villous damage and impaired nutrient absorption
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Increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut)
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Systemic immune activation
On advanced functional panels like the Gut Zoomer, tTG is used as an immune reactivity marker, not just a screening tool for diagnosed celiac disease. Elevated levels may also appear in non-celiac gluten sensitivity, autoimmune conditions, or chronic gut inflammation, particularly when gut barrier integrity is compromised.
tTG is interpreted alongside other immune markers (such as ASCA), inflammatory indicators, digestive markers, and microbiome patterns to provide a broader picture of gluten-related immune stress and gut health.
Normal or low tissue transglutaminase antibody levels suggest appropriate immune tolerance to gluten and intact gut barrier function. In this context, gluten-driven immune activation is unlikely to be a primary contributor to symptoms.
Lab Results Explained and Tracked
What does it mean if your Tissue Transglutaminase result is too high?
Elevated tTG antibody levels indicate abnormal immune reactivity to tissue transglutaminase and are strongly associated with gluten-driven intestinal inflammation. High values may reflect celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, or immune activation related to increased intestinal permeability. Elevated levels are commonly associated with digestive symptoms, nutrient deficiencies, fatigue, and autoimmune tendencies.
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