Glutathione (reduced)
Optimal Result:
3.8 - 5.5 µmol/L.
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the biologically active form of glutathione and one of the most important antioxidants in human physiology. It protects cells from oxidative damage, supports mitochondrial energy production, regulates inflammation, aids in detoxification, and maintains proper redox signaling. GSH also plays a pivotal role in immune function, protein repair, and the regeneration of other antioxidants such as vitamins C and E.
Cells rely on a continuous supply of GSH to neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species. When GSH donates electrons to counter oxidative stress, it becomes oxidized glutathione (GSSG). A healthy system efficiently converts GSSG back to GSH via the enzyme glutathione reductase, maintaining a high GSH/GSSG ratio. Low levels of reduced glutathione indicate depleted antioxidant capacity, increased metabolic stress, impaired recycling, or insufficient synthesis of glutathione.
GSH production depends on key nutrients—including cysteine, glycine, glutamate, riboflavin (B2), and vitamin B6—and on healthy liver and mitochondrial function. Chronic inflammation, toxin exposure, infections, psychological stress, environmental pollutants, medications, and heavy metals can all reduce GSH levels. Genetic variations affecting enzymes in the glutathione pathway (GST, GCLC, GCLM, GPX, GR) may also impair GSH production or utilization.
Measuring reduced glutathione is essential for assessing oxidative stress, detoxification efficiency, metabolic resilience, and redox balance. Interpreting GSH alongside oxidized glutathione, the GSH/GSSG ratio, cysteine, homocysteine, and related nutrient markers provides a comprehensive view of antioxidant status and cellular defense capacity.
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What does it mean if your Glutathione (reduced) result is too high?
High reduced glutathione is less common and may reflect robust antioxidant capacity, effective glutathione synthesis, or supplementation with glutathione or its precursors. Elevated GSH may also occur when oxidative stress is low or glutathione recycling is highly efficient. Interpretation is strongest when paired with oxidized glutathione and the GSH/GSSG ratio.
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What does it mean if your Glutathione (reduced) result is too low?
Low reduced glutathione indicates decreased antioxidant capacity, increased oxidative stress, or impaired synthesis or recycling of glutathione. Possible contributors include nutrient deficiencies (such as cysteine, glycine, B2, or B6), chronic inflammation, toxin exposure, mitochondrial dysfunction, infections, or increased metabolic demand. Low GSH may reduce detoxification efficiency and increase cellular vulnerability to oxidative damage.
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