Anti-Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (IgM)

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein associated with the myelination of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS).

MOG is found in the myelin that insulates the nerves of the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. Damage to myelin causes disruption in the transmission of nerve signals in the body and a variety of symptoms.

Antibodies against MOG are found in various demyelinating diseases, including:

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD)

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is a rare inflammatory disease that most often affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Less often, it affects the brain. It often leads to sudden vision loss, paralysis or both. Symptoms after a first attack usually improve.

Idiopathic optic neuritis (ON)

Optic neuritis occurs when swelling (inflammation) damages the optic nerve — a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain. Common symptoms of optic neuritis include pain with eye movement and temporary vision loss in one eye.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a neurological disorder characterized by brief but widespread attacks of inflammation (swelling) in the brain and spinal cord that damages myelin. Myelin is the whitish protective coating over nerves that helps with electrical nerve signaling. ADEM often appears following a viral or bacterial infection and sometimes (rarely) following a vaccination.

Multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis (MDEM)

Multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis (MDEM) is a rare peculiar diagnosis which is defined as acute demyelinating central nervous system disease with relapses occurring only within 4 weeks of initial manifestation. 

Devic's disease

Devic's disease, also known as neuromyelitis optica, is a rare neurologic disorder that affects the eyes and spinal cord. It causes optic neuritis, a condition that typically leads to vision loss in one or both eyes, although many patients regain some sight.

Tumefactive demyelinating disease

Tumefactive demyelination or tumefactive multiple sclerosis are defined as demyelinating lesions (c. 2 cm or greater) or lesions between 0.5 and 2 cm with possible mass effect that can be mistaken for tumour-like space occupying lesions and have a characteristic radiographic appearance.

References:

Ambrosius W, Michalak S, Kozubski W, Kalinowska A. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Current Insights into the Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 24;22(1):100. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010100. PMID: 33374173; PMCID: PMC7795410.

Nakashima, I. (2015), Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody in demyelinating diseases. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol, 6: 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.12262

Links:

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/acute-disseminated-encephalomyelitis

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269#:~:text=Multiple%20sclerosis%20(MS)%20is%20a,the%20rest%20of%20your%20body.

https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder-nmosd#:~:text=Neuromyelitis%20optica%20spectrum%20disorder%20is,a%20first%20attack%20usually%20improve.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/optic-neuritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354953#:~:text=Optic%20neuritis%20occurs%20when%20swelling,vision%20loss%20in%20one%20eye.

https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/devics-disease#:~:text=Devic's%20disease%2C%20also%20known%20as,many%20patients%20regain%20some%20sight.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6582300/#:~:text=Tumefactive%20demyelination%20or%20tumefactive%20multiple,have%20a%20characteristic%20radiographic%20appearance.

https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/mog-antibody-disease/