Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein. Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts. If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essential amino acid phenylalanine using a tetrahydrobiopterin reaction. Tyrosine itself is a precursor to several neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. It is also needed to create thyroid hormone and melanin skin pigments. Within the metabolism of tyrosine to form neurotransmitters and other hormones, there are several important nutrient cofactors involved including vitamin B1, vitamin B6, tetrahydrobiopterin, copper, vitamin C, among others.
References:
- Kühn S, Düzel S, Colzato L, et al. Food for thought: association between dietary tyrosine and cognitive performance in younger
- Medicine Io. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2005
- Gulati K, Anand R, Ray A. Nutraceuticals as adaptogens: their role in health and disease. In: Nutraceuticals. Elsevier; 2016:193-205.
- Adrych K, Smoczynski M, Stojek M, et al. Decreased serum essential and aromatic amino acids in patients with chronic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(35):4422-4427.
- Vannucchi H, Moreno FS, Amarante AR, de Oliveira JE, Marchini JS. Plasma amino acid patterns in alcoholic pellagra patients. Alcohol Alcoholism. 1991;26(4):431-436.
- Jurgens P, Schwartau M, Doehn M. [Disorders of amino acid metabolism in a patient with identified thiamine deficiency]. Infusionstherapie klinische Ernahrung. 1982;9(6):312-316.
Low levels of essential and conditionally essential amino acids may indicate a poor-quality diet, or maldigestion due to deficient digestive peptidase activity or pancreatic dysfunction. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism involving a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, and results in elevated phenylalanine and low tyrosine levels. Vitamin B3 deficiency has been associated with altered levels of amino acids.
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High dietary intake of tyrosine-rich foods can elevate levels. Additionally, functional need for vitamin and nutrient cofactors for tyrosine metabolism can contribute to elevations.
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1-Methylhistidine, 25 - Hydroxyvitamin D, 3-Methylhistidine, 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a-Amino-n-butyric acid (a-ANB), a-aminoadipic acid, a-ANB/Leucine, Alanine, alpha-Tocopherol, Arginine, Arsenic, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, b-Alanine, b-Aminoisobutyric Acid, b-Carotene, Cadmium, Citrulline, Coenzyme Q10, Copper, Cyst(e)ine, Cystathionine, Ethanolamine, g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), gamma-Tocopherol, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid/Glutamine, Glutamine, Glutathione, Glycine, Histidine, Homocysteine, Isoleucine, Lead, Leucine, Lipid Peroxides, Lysine, Magnesium, Manganese, Mercury, Methionine, Ornithine, Phenylalanine, Phenylalanine/Tyrosine, Phosphoethanolamine, Phosphoserine, Potassium, Proline, Sarcosine, Selenium, Serine, Taurine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tryptophan/LNAA, Tyrosine, Urea, Valine, Vitamin A (Retinol), Zinc
