Sources:
Fish, shellfish, plants, cigarettes, soil, air, water, electronic devices, switches and closures for the semiconductor industry, glass for medical procedures.
Nutrient interactions:
Some of its toxic effects results from interference with biological functions of potassium.
---------------
Urinary thallium (Tl) provides an indication of recent or ongoing exposure to the metal, and endogenous detoxification to a lesser extent. About 35% of assimilated Tl is excreted in urine, and urinary Tl may be at elevated levels for up to 30 days after exposure.
Tl is rapidly and almost completely absorbed when ingested, inhaled or brought into contact with skin. Tl is a highly toxic heavy metal which is generally tasteless and odorless. Currently the most common sources of dietary Tl are contaminated vegetables, fish and shellfish; particularly those obtained in close proximity to drilling sites for natural gas and oil. Kale, spinach, cabbage and other Brassicaceae family vegetables appear to be most highly contaminated. The highest levels of urine Tl observed at this laboratory have been associated with daily consumption of “green drinks” that were prepared at home from raw Brassicaceae vegetables. It should be noted that a labelling of “organic” generally does not provide any assurance that the produce is not contaminated with Tl.
Contaminated water has apparently been used to irrigate crops in certain agricultural areas in California. Other possible sources of Tl include tobacco, fly ash (coal), cement dust, some fertilizers, some artists’ paints, semiconductors, and hazardous waste sites and landfills. Tl is also a by-product of the smelting of copper, zinc and lead ores.
Symptoms associated with significant exposure to Tl may include: fatigue, headaches, sleep disturbance, neuropathy, ataxia, depression, psychoses, and extreme loss of hair. Tl follows potassium in the body and accumulates in tissues with high potassium content including skeletal/cardiac muscle, and central/ peripheral nerves.
Hair elemental analysis may be utilized to assess exposure to Tl over the past 2-4 months.
References:
Goyer RA, Clarkson TW. Toxic effects of metals. Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 1996;5:696-698.
ATSDR. ToxFAQs for Thallium. Toxic Substances Portal 2013; https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=308&tid=49, 2020.
Osorio-Rico L, Santamaria A, Galvan-Arzate S. Thallium Toxicity: General Issues, Neurological Symptoms, and Neurotoxic Mechanisms. Adv Neurobiol. 2017;18:345-353.
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Physiological effects:
Thallium is absorbed through the skin and GI tracts. Highest concentrations are found in the kidney. Large amounts are excreted in the urine within 24 hours, then excreted via feces. Tl undergoes enterohepatic circulation. Tl can accumulate in bones, renal medulla, liver and CNS.
Thallium has a similar charge and radius as the potassium ion. Some of its toxic effects results from interference with biological functions of potassium.
Additionally, it binds to sulfhydryl groups in the mitochondria interfering with oxidative phosphorylation. With these mechanisms, cardiac dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein synthesis and heme synthesis are seen.
Clinical significance:
GI irritation, paralysis, alopecia, and psychological disturbances are seen.
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I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
Karin
Advanced Plan Member since 2020
What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
Paul
Healthmatters Pro Member since 2024
As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
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