Serine is a nonessential amino acid used in protein biosynthesis and can be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake, degradation of protein and phospholipids, biosynthesis from glycolysis intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate, or from glycine.
Serine is found in soybeans, nuts, eggs, lentils, shellfish, and meats. Serine is used to synthesize ethanolamine and choline for phospholipids. Serine is essential for the synthesis of sphingolipids and phosphatidylserine in CNS neurons. In the folate cycle, glycine and serine are interconverted. These methyltransferase reactions and interconversions are readily reversible depending on the needs of the folate cycle. Dietary serine is not fully converted to glycine; therefore, serine supplementation has little value, though is not harmful.
Glycine and serine’s interconversion are important in mitochondrial glycolysis. Glycolysis provides ATP and energy in most cell types. Serine-glycine biosynthesis is a component in glycolysis-diverting pathways and nucleotide biosynthesis. This is clinically important, and specifically evident, in cancer. Cancer cells use glycolysis to sustain anabolism for tumor growth. Genetic and functional evidence suggests that abnormalities in the glycine-serine pathway represent an essential process in cancer pathogenesis by promoting energy production and promoting defective purine synthesis.
Serine is also a cofactor for the transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine-β-synthase making its availability important for glutathione production.
References:
- Hart CE, Race V, Achouri Y, et al. Phosphoserine aminotransferase deficiency: a novel disorder of the serine biosynthesis pathway. Am J Human Genet. 2007;80(5):931- 937.
- Hirabayashi Y, Furuya S. Roles of l-serine and sphingolipid synthesis in brain development and neuronal survival. Prog Lipid Res. 2008;47(3):188-203.
- Kalhan SC, Hanson RW. Resurgence of serine: an often neglected but indispensable amino Acid. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(24):19786-19791.
- Kapalka GM. Nutr Herbal Ther Child Adol. Academic Press; 2010.
- Maddocks OD, Labuschagne CF, Adams PD, Vousden KH. Serine Metabolism Supports the Methionine Cycle and DNA/ RNA Methylation through De Novo ATP Synthesis in Cancer Cells. Molec Cell. 2016;61(2):210-221.
- Zeng JD, Wu WKK, Wang HY, Li XX. Serine and one-carbon metabolism, a bridge that links mTOR signaling and DNA methylation in cancer. Pharmacol Res. 2019;149:104352.
- Dudman NP, Tyrrell PA, Wilcken DE. Homocysteinemia: depressed plasma serine levels. Metabo: Clin Exp. 1987;36(2):198-201.
- Milliner DS, Harris PC, Cogal AG, Lieske JC. Primary hyperoxaluria type 1. In: GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle; 2017.
- Ramos RJ, Pras-Raves ML, Gerrits J, et al. Vitamin B6 is essential for serine de novo biosynthesis. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2017;40(6):883-891.
- Amelio I, Cutruzzolá F, Antonov A, Agostini M, Melino G. Serine and glycine metabolism in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci. 2014;39(4):191-198.
- Gropper S SJ, Groff J. Adv Nutr Human Metab. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning; 2009.
- Jurgens P, Schwartau M, Doehn M. [Disorders of amino acid metabolism in a patient with identified thiamine deficiency]. Infusionstherapie klinische Ernahrung. 1982;9(6):312-316.
- Park YK, Linkswiler H. Effect of vitamin B6 depletion in adult man on the plasma concentration and the urinary excretion of free amino acids. JNutr. 1971;101(2):185-191.
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High dietary intake of serine-rich foods, or supplementation, may result in elevated levels. Due to cofactors needed for serine metabolism, deficiencies of these nutrients can result in elevated serine levels. Administration of nutrients such as vitamin B6 or B1 have been shown to lower serine levels, as well as other amino acids.
Given its association with the folate cycle, plasma serine levels may be low or high with homocysteinemia and methylation defects; support with vitamin B6, B12, folate, or betaine can result in normalized homocysteine as well as serine.
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As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
Low serine may be due to decreased intake, or GI malabsorption and maldigestion. One pathway of serine biosynthesis requires the vitamin B6- dependent enzyme phosphoserine aminotransferase. With this, a functional need for vitamin B6 may contribute to low serine levels. Given its association with the folate cycle, plasma serine levels may be low or high with homocysteinemia and methylation defects; support with vitamin B6, B12, folate, or betaine can result in normalized homocysteine as well as serine.
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I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
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What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
Paul
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As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
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1-Methylhistidine, 25 - Hydroxyvitamin D, 3-Methylhistidine, 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a-Amino-n-butyric acid (a-ANB), a-aminoadipic acid, a-ANB/Leucine, Alanine, alpha-Tocopherol, Arginine, Arsenic, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, b-Alanine, b-Aminoisobutyric Acid, b-Carotene, Cadmium, Citrulline, Coenzyme Q10, Copper, Cyst(e)ine, Cystathionine, Ethanolamine, g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), gamma-Tocopherol, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid/Glutamine, Glutamine, Glutathione, Glycine, Histidine, Homocysteine, Isoleucine, Lead, Leucine, Lipid Peroxides, Lysine, Magnesium, Manganese, Mercury, Methionine, Ornithine, Phenylalanine, Phenylalanine/Tyrosine, Phosphoethanolamine, Phosphoserine, Potassium, Proline, Sarcosine, Selenium, Serine, Taurine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tryptophan/LNAA, Tyrosine, Urea, Valine, Vitamin A (Retinol), Zinc
