- Low protein or calorie intake, or inflammation can lead to lower levels.
- Nutrient cofactors of phenylalanine catabolism include tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), nonheme iron, vitamins B6 & B3, copper, niacin, vitamin C, magnesium, SAMe.
- Lower plasma phenylalanine levels seen in depression and associated with lower neurotransmitter levels.
- A higher protein intake or supplementation results in higher levels.
- Elevated levels of phenylalanine compete with other large neutral amino acids.
- Higher phenylalanine levels have been found in type 2 diabetes, and with increased BMI, schizophrenia, and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Inflammation can impair the function of phenylalanine hydroxylase, leading to elevated phenylalanine levels and reduced tyrosine levels. In animal studies cortisol increased the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase.
- Elevated phenylalanine in PKU has been shown to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and can result in lower CoQ10 and cholesterol.
- Low protein or calorie intake, or inflammation can lead to lower levels.
- Nutrient cofactors of phenylalanine catabolism include tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), nonheme iron, vitamins B6 & B3, copper, niacin, vitamin C, magnesium, SAMe.
- Lower plasma phenylalanine levels seen in depression and associated with lower neurotransmitter levels.
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- A higher protein intake or supplementation results in higher levels.
- Elevated levels of phenylalanine compete with other large neutral amino acids.
- Higher phenylalanine levels have been found in type 2 diabetes, and with increased BMI, schizophrenia, and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Inflammation can impair the function of phenylalanine hydroxylase, leading to elevated phenylalanine levels and reduced tyrosine levels. In animal studies cortisol increased the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase.
- Elevated phenylalanine in PKU has been shown to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and can result in lower CoQ10 and cholesterol.
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1-Methylhistidine, 1-Methylhistidine (Plasma), 2-,3-, and 4-Methylhippuric acid, 2-Methylhippuric Acid, 2-Methylsuccinic Acid, 3,4-Dihydroxyhydrocinnamic Acid, 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid, 3-Methylhistidine (Plasma), 3-Phenylpropionylglycine, 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic Acid, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, a-Hydroxybutyric Acid, a-Keto-b-methylvaleric Acid, a-Ketobutyric Acid, a-Ketoglutaric Acid, a-Ketoisocaproic Acid, a-Ketoisovaleric Acid, a-Aminoadipic Acid (Plasma), Adipic Acid, Alanine, Alanine (Plasma), Aldosterone, Anserine (Plasma), Anthranilic Acid, Arabinitol, Arginine (Plasma), Arginosuccinic Acid, Arginosuccinic Acid (Plasma), Asparagine (Plasma), Aspartic Acid (Plasma), b-Hydroxybutyric Acid, b-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid, b-Alanine (Plasma), Benzoic Acid, Benzoylform, Branched Chain Alpha-Keto Organic Acids, Carnosine, Carnosine (Plasma), cis-Aconitic Acid, Citric Acid, Citrulline (Plasma), Cortisol, Cortisone, Creatinine, Cystathionine (Plasma), Cystine (Plasma), D-Lactic Acid, Equol, Ethanolamine (Plasma), Ethylmalonic Acid, Formiminoglutamic Acid, Fructose, Fumaric Acid, g-Aminobutyric Acid (Plasma), Glucaric Acid, Glucose, Glutamic Acid (Plasma), Glutamine (Plasma), Glutamine / Glutamate Ratio (Plasma), Glutaric Acid, Glycine (Plasma), Glycylproline (Plasma), Hexanoylglycine, Hippuric Acid, Histidine (Plasma), Homocitrulline (Plasma), Homocystine (Plasma), Homogentisic Acid, Homovanillic Acid, Hydroxykynurenine, Hydroxyproline, Hydroxyproline (Plasma), Indoleacetic Acid, Isocitric Acid, Isoleucine/allo-Isoleucine (Plasma), KT Ratio, KT Ratio (Plasma), Kynurenic Acid, Kynurenine, Kynurenine (Plasma), Lactic Acid, Leucine (Plasma), Lysine (Plasma), Malic Acid, Mandelic Acid, Methionine (Plasma), Methylmalonic Acid, Microalbumin, Ornithine, Ornithine (Plasma), Orotic Acid, Oxalic Acid, pH, Phenylacetic Acid, Phenylalanine (Plasma), Phosphate, Phosphoethanolamine (Plasma), Picolinic Acid, Pimelic Acid, Proline (Plasma), Pyridoxic Acid, Pyroglutamic Acid, Pyruvic Acid, Quercetin, Quinolinic Acid, Sarcosine (Plasma), Sebacic Acid, Serine (Plasma), Suberic Acid, Suberylglycine, Succinic Acid, Sulfocysteine (Plasma), Tartaric Acid, Taurine (Plasma), Threonine (Plasma), Total Branched Chain Amino Acids (Plasma), Tryptophan, Tryptophan (Plasma), Tyrosine, Tyrosine (Plasma), Valine (Plasma), Vannilylmandelic Acid, Xanthurenic Acid
