Ochratoxin (A and B) - IgG
Ochratoxin is a nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic mycotoxin. This chemical is produced by molds in the Aspergillus and Penicillium families.
Exposure:
Exposure is done primarily through water damaged buildings. Minimal exposure can occur through contaminated foods such as cereals, grape juices, dairy, spices, wine, dried vine fruit, and coffee. Exposure to Ochratoxin can also come from inhalation exposure in water-damaged buildings.
Ochratoxin can cause immune suppression, lung disease, urinary tract tumors, and is nephrotoxic (kidneys), hepatotoxic (liver), genotoxic (genes), and carcinogenic (causes cancer). This is due to its ability to form DNA adducts and inhibit protein synthesis. Ochratoxin can potentiate the effects of IL-1 Bon IL-8 secretion with a range of 35% to 138% increase and augments the transepithelial passage of commensal bacteria with a 12- to 1522-fold increase. Studies have shown it causes leaky gut syndrome and changes the nutrients that are absorbed from foods.
Ochratoxin's major targets are:
- Liver
- Kidney
- Brain
- Skeletal muscle
- Fat tissue
- Ochratoxin crosses the placenta.
The highest Ochratoxin levels is found in breast milk.
What does it mean if your Ochratoxin (A and B) - IgG result is too high?
Possible damage:
Ochratoxin can lead to kidney disease and adverse neurological effects. Studies have shown that Ochratoxin can lead to significant oxidative damage to multiple brain regions and is highly nephrotoxic. Dopamine levels in the brain of mice have been shown to be decreased after exposure to Ochratoxin. Some studies have hypothesized that Ochratoxin may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Possible treatment:
Treatment should be aimed at removing the source of exposure. Agents such as oral cholestyramine, charcoal, and phenylalanine can help prevent the absorption of these toxins from food. Antioxidants such as vitamins A, E, C, NAC, rosmarinic acid, and liposomal glutathione alone or in combination have been shown to mitigate the oxidative effects of the toxin. Bentonite or zeolite clay is reported to reduce the absorption of multiple mycotoxins found in food, including Ochratoxin. Studies have also shown that Ochratoxin is present in sweat, which supports the use of sauna as a treatment to increase the excretion of Ochratoxin. To treat possible fungal infections caused by mold exposure patients can take pharmaceutical medications such as itraconazole or nystatin. Retesting is recommended after 3-6 months of treatment.
How to avoid exposure to Ochratoxin A:
Treatment of ochratoxin A requires a reduction in exposure to the toxin.
- Carefully inspect whole grains and nuts for evidence of mould, and discard any that look mouldy, discoloured, or shriveled.
- Buy grains and nuts as fresh as possible; that have been grown as close to home as possible, and which have not been transported over a long time
- Buy only reputable brands of nuts and nut butters – moulds are not entirely killed by processing or roasting, so can show up in products e.g. peanut butter
- Make sure that foods are stored properly and are not kept for extended periods of time before being used
- Try to ensure your diet is diverse; this not only helps to mitigate aflatoxin exposure, but also improves health and nutrition. Consumers who lack dietary diversity need to pay extra attention to minimize the risk of high exposure to aflatoxins. For example, extensive aflatoxin exposure has been reported from areas where people get a major part of their daily calorie intake from maize; this foodstuff is commonly contaminated with aflatoxins and needs to be handled properly both before and after harvest.
However, this is not considering the mycotoxins that might be produced from water-damaged buildings – really the most common cause of mould illness.
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