Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (also known as 3-aminoisobutyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid formed by the catabolism of valine and the nucleotide thymine. It is further catabolized to methylmalonic acid semialdehyde and propionyl-CoA. Levels are controlled by a vitamin B6-dependent reaction in the liver and kidneys. β-aminoisobutyric acid can also be produced by skeletal muscle during physical activity.
References:
- Van Kuilenburg AB, Stroomer AE, Van Lenthe H, Abeling NG, Van Gennip AH. New insights in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency: a pivotal role for betaaminoisobutyric acid? Biochem J. 2004;379(Pt 1):119-124.
- Tanianskii DA, Jarzebska N, Birkenfeld AL, O’Sullivan JF, Rodionov RN. Beta-Aminoisobutyric Acid as a Novel Regulator of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. Nutrients. 2019;11(3).
- Roberts LD, Bostrom P, O’Sullivan JF, et al. betaAminoisobutyric acid induces browning of white fat and hepatic beta-oxidation and is inversely correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Cell Metab. 2014;19(1):96-108.
Low levels of β-AIB may be seen with decreased precursors, such as valine. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism that results in lower levels of urinary β-AIB.
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Like B-alanine, Beta-aminisobutyrate is a product of the breakdown of DNA and RNA, and can be produced by unusual bacterial activity and unusual flora (yeast) in the gastrointestinal tract.
Further metabolism of beta-aminoisobutyrate requires functional B-6 activity; therefore, elevations in this metabolite in urine may reflect poor B-6 status or impaired conversion of B-6 to active P-5-P (check other B-6 dependent markers, eg. elevated beta-alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, cystathionine).
Hyper-beta-aminoacidurea is a complex disorder in both metabolism and renal transport.
Elevated levels of beta-alanine cause decreased renal absorption of beta-aminoisobutyrate, taurine and sometimes gamma- aminobutyrate. Depletion of the neurotransmitter taurine, and the suppression of gamma- aminobutyrate in the nervous system can affect behavior, cognitive function and result in seizures. Hyper-beta-aminoacidurea can be associated with the following symptoms:
- tingling/burning sensations in the skin,
- headaches,
- irritability,
- uneven temper,
- fatigue and delusions.
General food intolerances and sensitivities to xenobiotics are common complaints. Patients presenting with hyper-beta-aminoacidurea should be evaluated for magnesium and zinc status (Red Blood Cell Elements), B-6 and abnormal intestinal flora (Comprehensive Stool Analysis). Dietary restriction of foods high in carnosine and anserine may be necessary. Neoplastic diseases have been documented to be associated with hyper-beta-aminoisobutyrate but an elevation in this metabolite is not diagnostic for such conditions.
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1-Methylhistidine, 3-Methylhistidine, Alanine, Alpha-amino-N-butyrate, Alpha-aminoadipate, Ammonia (NH4), Ammonia Level (NH4), Anserine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Beta-alanine, Beta-aminoisobutyrate, Carnosine, Citrulline, Creatinine, Cystathionine, Cysteine, Cystine, Ethanolamine, Gamma-aminobutyrate, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glutamine/Glutamate, Glycine, Histidine, Homocystine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Methionine Sulfoxide, Ornithine, Phenylalanine, Phosphoethanolamine, Phosphoserine, Proline, Sarcosine, Serine, Taurine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Urea, Valine
