The hydroxylation of estradiol is one of the major routes of metabolism of the estrogen steroid hormone estradiol. It is hydroxylated into the catechol estrogens 2-hydroxyestradiol and 4-hydroxyestradiol and into estriol (16a-hydroxyestradiol). 2-hydroxyestradiol metabolite has several physiological consequences: the ability to influence intracellular signaling, adenohypophyseal hormone secretion, radical and quinone formation and inhibition of tumor formation.
Research and clinical studies show that the 2-hydroxylated estrogens (2-OH E2 and 2-OH E1) are a safer pathway of hydroxylation than the 4-hydroxyestrogens (4-OH E2 and 4-OH E1), which bind to and damage DNA, leading to mutations that are associated with increased breast cancer risk. If either 4-OH-E2 or 4-OH-E1 are higher than reference range, and not well methylated, this may indicate higher risk for DNA damage, mutations, and risk for developing breast cancer.
Hydroxylation of estrogens in the 2-position of estradiol (2-OH-E2) and estrone (2-OH-E1) is considered a safer pathway for metabolism than the 4-position hydroxylations of these estrogens. The 2-position hydroxylations (considered safer) are increased with cruciferous vegetables (and extracts of them) as well as iodine. The most commonly used are indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its metabolite diindolylmethane (DIM). Iodine also increases the 2-hydroxylation of estrogens, with a slight increase in 4-hydroxylation. The more dangerous 4-hydroxylated estrogen metabolism is enhanced by exposure to environmental toxins, mostly petrochemical-based products but also heavy metals, that induce 4-hydroxylation pathway enzymes, and cause formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that co-oxidize the catechol estrogens to more dangerous estrogen quinones.
References:
Liehr JG. Is estradiol a genotoxic mutagenic carcinogen? Endocr Rev. 2000 Feb;21(1):40-54. doi: 10.1210/edrv.21.1.0386. PMID: 10696569.
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Research and clinical studies show that the 2-hydroxylated estrogens (2-OH E2 and 2-OH E1) are a safer pathway of hydroxylation than the 4-hydroxyestrogens (4-OH E2 and 4-OH E1), which bind to and damage DNA, leading to mutations that are associated with increased breast cancer risk. If either 4-OH-E2 or 4-OH-E1 are higher than reference range, and not well methylated, this may indicate higher risk for DNA damage, mutations, and risk for developing breast cancer.
Hydroxylation of estrogens in the 2-position of estradiol (2-OH-E2) and estrone (2-OH-E1) is considered a safer pathway for metabolism than the 4-position hydroxylations of these estrogens. The 2-position hydroxylations (considered safer) are increased with cruciferous vegetables (and extracts of them) as well as iodine. The most commonly used are indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its metabolite diindolylmethane (DIM). Iodine also increases the 2-hydroxylation of estrogens, with a slight increase in 4-hydroxylation. The more dangerous 4-hydroxylated estrogen metabolism is enhanced by exposure to environmental toxins, mostly petrochemical-based products but also heavy metals, that induce 4-hydroxylation pathway enzymes, and cause formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that co-oxidize the catechol estrogens to more dangerous estrogen quinones.
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Anthony
Unlimited Plan Member since 2021
I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
Karin
Advanced Plan Member since 2020
What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
Paul
Healthmatters Pro Member since 2024
As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
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