Aquaporins from food sources show similarity to human aquaporin, and thus they have high potential for triggering autoimmunity to nervous system tissues.
Aquaporins, also known as ‘water channels,’ are integral membrane proteins that conduct water molecules in and out of cells in the human body. Aquaporins from food sources are highly stable in food preparation and therefore may reach the gastrointestinal as intact proteins or peptides.
In cases of breakdown in immunological tolerance, aquaporins from foods may become antigenic, and the immune reaction against them could result in antibody production. Aquaporins from some food sources show similarity with human aquaporin.
The food sources of AQP4 that have been shown to cross-react with human AQP4 include soy, corn, spinach and tomato.
Aquaporin also cross-reacts with legume serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) found in beans, lentils, peas, peanuts, lupin, alfalfa, and clover.
If these antibodies cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in susceptible individuals, it can result in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a form of MS. These are severe neuroautoimmune disorders that affect the gray and white matter in the brain and spinal cord, causing demyelination, axonal damage and necrosis, ultimately resulting in paralysis and sensory loss.
Seventy-five percent of NMO cases are associated with IgG1 antibody development that binds selectively to aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which is expressed in the astrocytic foot processes around the BBB. This can be of clinical importance for adjusting the diet in patients with demyelinating disorders such as MS and NMO and/or those with a family history of such disorders.
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Abstain from all antigenic aquaporin-containing foods and follow up with blood brain barrier permeability and neurological tissue autoimmune reactivity testing.
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Almond, Almond, roasted, Amaranth, Apple, Apple Cider, Apricot, Artichoke, cooked, Asparagus, Asparagus, cooked, Avocado, Banana, Banana, cooked, Basil, Bean Agglutinins, Beef, cooked medium, Beet, cooked, Bell Pepper, Beta-Glucan, Black Bean, cooked, Black Tea, brewed, Blueberry, Brazil Nut, raw + roasted, Broccoli, Broccoli, cooked, Brussels Sprouts, cooked, Cabbage, red + green, Cabbage, red + green, cooked, Canola Oleosin, Cantaloupe + Honeydew Melon, Carrageenan, Carrot, Carrot, cooked, Cashew, Cashew Vicilin, Cashew, roasted, Cauliflower, cooked, Celery, Cherry, Chia Seed, Chicken, cooked, Chili Pepper, Cilantro, Cinnamon, Clam, cooked, Clove, Coconut, meat + water, Cod, cooked, Coffee Bean Protein, brewed, Corn + Aquaporin, cooked, Corn Oleosin, Crab + Lobster, cooked, Cranberry, Cucumber, pickled, Cumin, Dark Chocolate + Cocoa, Date, Dill, Egg White, cooked, Egg Yolk, cooked, Eggplant, cooked, Fava Bean, cooked, Fig, Flax Seed, Food Coloring, Garbanzo Bean, cooked, Garlic, Garlic, cooked, Gelatin, Ginger, Goat's Milk, Grape, red + green, Grapefruit, Green Bean, cooked, Green Tea, brewed, Gum Guar, Gum Tragacanth, Halibut, cooked, Hazelnut, raw + roasted, Honey, raw +processed, Imitation Crab, cooked, Kidney Bean, cooked, Kiwi, Lamb, cooked, Latex Hevein, Lemon + Lime, Lentil Lectin, Lentil, cooked, Lettuce, Lima Bean, cooked, Locust Bean Gum, Macadamia Nut, raw + roasted, Mackerel, cooked, Mango, Mastic Gum + Gum Arabic, Meat Glue, Mint, Mushroom, raw + cooked, Mustard Seed, Nutmeg, Okra, cooked, Olive, green + black, pickled, Onion + Scallion, Onion + Scallion, cooked, Orange, Orange Juice, Oregano, Oyster, cooked, Papaya, Paprika, Parsley, Parvalbumin, Pea Lectin, Pea Protein, Pea, cooked, Peach + Nectarine, Peanut Agglutinin, Peanut Butter, Peanut Oleosin, Peanut, roasted, Pear, Pecan, raw + roasted, Pineapple, Pineapple Bromelain, Pinto Bean, cooked, Pistachio, raw + roasted, Plum, Pomegranate, Popped Corn, Pork, cooked, Potato, white, cooked (baked), Potato, white, cooked (fried), Pumpkin + Squash, cooked, Pumpkin Seeds, roasted, Quinoa, Radish, Red Snapper, cooked, Red Wine, Rice Cake, Rice Endochitinase, Rice Protein, Rice, white + brown, cooked, Rosemary, Safflower + Sunflower Oleosin, Salmon, Salmon, cooked, Sardine + Anchovy, cooked, Scallops, cooked, Sea Bass, cooked, Seaweed, Sesame Albumin, Sesame Oleosin, Shrimp Tropomyosin, Shrimp, cooked, Soft Cheese + Hard Cheese, Soy Sauce, gluten-free Tofu, Soybean Agglutinin, Soybean Oleosin + Aquaporin, Spinach + Aquaporin, Squid (Calamari), cooked, Strawberry, Sunflower Seeds, roasted, Thyme, Tilapia, cooked, Tofu, Tomato + Aquaporin, Tomato Paste, Trout, cooked, Tuna, Tuna, cooked, Turkey, cooked, Turmeric (Curcumin), Vanilla, Walnut, Watermelon, Wheat + Alpha-Gliadins, White Wine, Whitefish, cooked, Wild Rice, cooked, Xanthan Gum, Yam + Sweet Potato, cooked, Yogurt, Zucchini, cooked
