These cestodes usually infect the intestinal tract, but Taenia solium may also invade the CNS. Transmission is by ingesting cysts in raw or undercooked meat. Taenia solium transmission may also occur via the fecal-oral route, which increases chance of CNS involvement. T. saginata is prevalent in Ethiopia, Kenya, the Middle East, Yugoslavia, Mexico, and parts of South America and Eastern Europe. T. solium is found in Europe, Latin America, India, and China. Infection in the USA is rare. Taeniasis is usually asymptomatic. Mild abdominal symptoms may include epigastric discomfort, increased hunger, diarrhea, nausea, and weight loss. Death of cysts can elicit an intense inflammatory tissue response, with symptoms appearing 4 to 5 years after infection. Infection of the brain or CNS (neurocysticercosis) can cause severe symptoms including seizures, altered mental status, focal neurological signs, and aseptic meningitis.
For treatment of intestinal infection praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg x 1 dose, adult dose) is recommended. An alternative is niclosamide (2 g x 1 dose, adult dose). Not all patients with neurocysticercosis should be treated, as the inflammatory response to treatment may be more damaging than the disease.
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Acinetobacter junii, Actinobacteria, Actinomycetales, Adenovirus F40/41, Akkermansia muciniphila, Alistipes onderdonkii, Alistipes spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, Bacilli Class, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides pectinophilus, Bacteroides spp., Bacteroides spp. & Prevotella spp., Bacteroides stercoris, Bacteroides zoogleoformans, Balantidium coli, Bifidobacterium spp., Blastocystis spp., Campylobacter (C. jejuni, C. coli and C. lari), Capillaria hepatica, Capillaria philippinensis, Carbohydrates, Catenibacterium mitsuokai, Charcot-Leyden Crystals, Chilomastix mesnili, Citrobacter farmeri / amalonaticus, Citrobacter freundii complex, Clonorchis sinensis, Clostridia Class, Clostridioides difficile (Toxin A/B), Clostridium L2-50, Clostridium methylpentosum, Color, Consistency, Coprobacillus cateniformis, Cryptosporidium (C. parvum and C. hominis), Dialister invisus, Dialister invisus & Megasphaera micronuciformis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Diphyllobothrium latum, Dipylidium caninum, Dorea spp., Elastase, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba polecki, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobius vermicularis, Enteromonas hominis, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) lt/st, Escherichia coli O157, Escherichia spp., Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium hallii, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium siraeum, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fasciola hepatica/Fasciolopsis buski, Fat Stain, Firmicutes, Giardia duodenalis, Giardia duodenalis (AKA intestinalis & lamblia), Heterophyes heterophyes, Hookworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Isospora belli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae/variicola, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillus family, Lactobacillus ruminis & Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus garvieae, Mucus, Muscle fibers, Mycoplasma hominis, Norovirus GI/GII, Occult Blood, Parabacteroides johnsonii, Parabacteroides spp., Paragonimus westermani, Pentatrichomonas hominis, Phascolarctobacterium spp., Pollen, Proteobacteria, RBC, Retortamonas intestinalis, Rotavirus A, Rothia dentocariosa, Rothia mucilaginosa, Ruminococcus albus & R. bromii, Ruminococcus gnavus, Salmonella spp., Secretory IgA, Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) stx1/stx2, Shigella (S. boydii, S. sonnei, S. flexneri & S. dysenteriae), Streptococcus agalactiae & Eubacterium rectale, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus salivarius ssp., Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus, Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus & S. sanguinis, Streptococcus spp., Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia, Trichuris trichiura, Vegetable fibers, Veillonella spp., Vibrio cholerae, WBC, Yeast
