Citrate Synthase (CS) is a key enzyme inside mitochondria, the energy-producing centers of the cell. Measuring CS activity in buccal (cheek) cells provides insight into how many mitochondria are present in the tissue sample. Unlike tests that measure how well mitochondria function, this marker reflects mitochondrial content, helping to determine whether the body may be increasing or decreasing the number of mitochondria in response to cellular demands or stress.
Because buccal cells are easy to collect, this test offers a non-invasive way to screen for potential mitochondrial abnormalities, especially in individuals being evaluated for fatigue disorders, metabolic issues, developmental concerns, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or suspected mitochondrial dysfunction. Elevated CS activity often suggests the body is producing more mitochondria—potentially as a compensatory response to stress or reduced efficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Conversely, low CS activity may suggest reduced mitochondrial content or impaired mitochondrial biogenesis.
While buccal mitochondrial testing is not diagnostic on its own, it can provide valuable supportive information when interpreted alongside other respiratory chain markers (RC-I, RC-II, RC-IV, RC-II+III ratios) and clinical symptoms. Trends over time are often more meaningful than a single measurement, making periodic reassessment useful in individuals with chronic or evolving health concerns.
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An elevated Citrate Synthase (CS) level in buccal cells indicates increased mitochondrial content. This is often interpreted as a compensatory response, where the body produces more mitochondria to keep up with cellular energy demands or to overcome inefficiencies in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. High CS can be seen in individuals experiencing chronic energy stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased metabolic activity, or certain neurodevelopmental conditions. While elevated CS is not harmful by itself, it should be interpreted alongside other mitochondrial enzyme markers (RC-I, RC-II, RC-IV) to understand whether the increase reflects healthy adaptation or compensation for underlying dysfunction.
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I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
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As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
A low Citrate Synthase (CS) value suggests reduced mitochondrial content in the buccal cells. This may occur when the body is not producing adequate mitochondria (reduced mitochondrial biogenesis) or when mitochondrial density is lower due to metabolic, genetic, or environmental factors. Low CS can be associated with impaired energy production, fatigue, metabolic stress, or conditions involving mitochondrial underperformance. Because buccal mitochondrial testing is a screening tool, a low CS result should be interpreted in combination with other mitochondrial enzyme activities and clinical symptoms.
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Anthony
Unlimited Plan Member since 2021
I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
Karin
Advanced Plan Member since 2020
What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
Paul
Healthmatters Pro Member since 2024
As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
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