Function:
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) a neuronal protein is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GAD is also expressed by pancreatic beta cells.
Antibodies Appear:
- Battan disease [6]
- Celiac disease [3]
- Cerebellar ataxia [4]
- Gluten sensitivity [3]
- Polyendocrine autoimmune syndrome [2]
- Stiff-person syndrome [2]
- Type 1 Diabetes [2, 4, 7]
Known Cross-Reactions:
- Casein; [1]
- Coxsackievirus; [5]
- Gliadin; [7]
- Rotavirus; [9]
- Cytomegalovirus; [10, 11]
- Rubella; [12]
- Buckwheat, Amaranth, Rice, Corn, Yeast, Potato, Quinoa, Oats [13]
Clinical Significance:
This enzyme is the major auto-antigen in Type I Diabetes. Researchers speculate that as a target antigen, GAD65 may directly, or indirectly, produce the T cell response cascade that results in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. [7]
In addition to patients with autoimmunity against islet cell antigen (Type I Diabetes), patients with neurological disorders (low GABA) may also produce high levels of antibodies against GAD. [2, 4, 6]
Anti-GAD autoantibodies may result in an excess of excitatory neurotransmitters, which can lead to seizures. [5]
Due to cross-reactivity between gliadin and casein, [1] patients with antibodies against GAD65 should implement a dairy-free diet.
Additionally, in a study of Celiac patients, [3] 60% of the participants with Celiac disease produced GAD65, which may explain the relationship between Celiac disease and type-1 diabetes.
References:
1. Banchuin, et al. Cell-mediated immune responses to GAD and beta-casein in type 1 diabetes mellitus in Thailand. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2002; 55(3):237-245.
2. Ellis and Atkinson. The clinical significance of an autoimmune response against glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nat Med, 1996; 2:148-153.
3. Hadjivassiliou et al. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet Neurol, 2010; 9:318-330.
4. Honnorat, et al. Cerebellar ataxia with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. Arch Neurol, 2001; 58:225-230.
5. LeRoth, et al (eds.). Diabetes Mellitus (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA; 2004.
6. Pearce, et al. Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoimmunity in Batten disease and other disorders. Neurology, 2004; 63:2001-2005.
7. Vojdani and Tarash. Cross-reaction between gliadin and different food and tissue antigens, Food Nutri Sci, 2013; 4:20-32.
8. Wilson, et al. Therapeutic alteration of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus progression by T cell tolerance to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 peptides in vitro and in vivo1. J Immunol, 2001; 167:569-577.
9. Honeyman, et al. Evidence for molecular mimicry between human T cell epitopes in rotavirus and pancreatic islet autoantigens. J Immunol, 2010; 184(4):2204-2210.
10. Hiemstra, et al. Cytomegalovirus in autoimmunity: T cell crossreactivity to viral antigen and autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001; 98(7):3988-3991.
11. Roep, et al. Molecular mimicry in type 1 diabetes: immune cross-reactivity between islet autoantigen and human cytomegalovirus but not Coxsackie virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2002; 958:163-165.
12. Ou, et al. Cross-reactive rubella virus and glutamic acid decarboxylase (65 and 67) protein determinants recognised by T cells of patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 2000; 43(6):750-762.
13. Kharrazian, et al. Detection of islet cell immune reactivity with low glycemic index foods: is this a concern for type 1 diabetes? J Diabetes Res, 2017; 2017:4124967.
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This enzyme is the major auto-antigen in Type I Diabetes. Researchers speculate that as a target antigen, GAD65 may directly, or indirectly, produce the T cell response cascade that results in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. [7]
In addition to patients with autoimmunity against islet cell antigen (Type I Diabetes), patients with neurological disorders (low GABA) may also produce high levels of antibodies against GAD. [2, 4, 6]
Anti-GAD autoantibodies may result in an excess of excitatory neurotransmitters, which can lead to seizures. [5]
Due to cross-reactivity between gliadin and casein, [1] patients with antibodies against GAD65 should implement a dairy-free diet.
Additionally, in a study of Celiac patients, [3] 60% of the participants with Celiac disease produced GAD65, which may explain the relationship between Celiac disease and type-1 diabetes.
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I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
Karin
Advanced Plan Member since 2020
What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
Paul
Healthmatters Pro Member since 2024
As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
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21-Hydroxylase (Adrenal Cortex), Alpha + Beta Tubulin IgG+IgA, Alpha + Beta Tubulin IgM, Alpha-Myosin, Arthritic Peptide, ASCA + ANCA, Asialoganglioside IgG+IgA, Asialoganglioside IgM, Cerebellar IgG+IgA, Cerebellar IgM, Collagen Complex, Cytochrome P450 (Hepatocyte), Fibulin, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65), Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody, IA-2 Autoantibody, Insulin + Islet Cell Antigen, Intrinsic Factor, Myelin Basic Protein IgG + IgA, Myelin Basic Protein IgM, Myocardial Peptide, Osteocyte, Ovary/Testis, Parietal Cell + ATPase, Phospholipid, Platelet Glycoprotein, Synapsin IgG+IgA, Synapsin IgM, Thyroglobulin, Thyroglobulin IgG, Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO), Thyroid Peroxidase IgG, Tropomyosin
