Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects approximately 1 in 10 women of childbearing age, making it one of the most common hormonal disorders among women in this demographic. Characterized by a combination of symptoms and physical signs that can vary greatly from one individual to another, the condition is primarily known for its impact on a woman's reproductive system. PCOS is marked by the presence of multiple cysts on the ovaries, as seen during an ultrasound exam, alongside an imbalance in reproductive hormones that can disrupt the ovulation process. This hormonal imbalance often leads to irregular menstrual cycles, difficulty in conceiving, and can also contribute to long-term health issues such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart disease.
Diagnosing PCOS can be challenging due to the wide range of symptoms and the lack of a single test to definitively identify the condition. Physicians typically rely on a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests to measure hormone levels, and imaging tests like ultrasound to look for the presence of ovarian cysts. A diagnosis is often made based on the Rotterdam criteria, which require two of the following three criteria to be met: irregular ovulation or anovulation, high levels of androgens (male hormones) either in the blood or through symptoms such as acne or excessive hair growth, and the appearance of polycystic ovaries in an ultrasound.
Symptoms of PCOS are diverse and can include menstrual irregularities such as prolonged or infrequent menstrual periods, heavy bleeding during periods, weight gain, acne, thinning hair on the scalp, excessive hair growth on the face and body, and darkening of the skin in certain areas. Many women with PCOS also experience difficulties with fertility due to the irregular release of eggs.
Treatment for PCOS is tailored to the individual's symptoms and whether they are trying to conceive. Lifestyle modifications, including weight loss and exercise, are often recommended as first-line treatments to improve symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term complications. Medications may also be prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles, manage symptoms such as hair growth and acne, and assist with weight loss. For those trying to conceive, fertility medications may be used to stimulate ovulation. In some cases, surgery such as ovarian drilling (a laparoscopic procedure) can be an option to improve ovulation. Managing PCOS is a long-term process, and working closely with a healthcare provider to monitor and adjust treatment over time is crucial for managing symptoms and reducing the risk of associated health issues.
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